Tsukuba [Japan], February 28 (HBTV): Researchers have used visual threat manipulation and thermal stimulation in a virtual reality environment to investigate how the brain perceives pain. They found that pain is perceived more intensely when the expected level of pain does not align with reality, particularly when unexpected events occur.

Pain perception varies significantly. While pain can feel more intense than expected due to an injury or ailment, similar situations may result in less pain at other times. This variability suggests that pain perception is heavily influenced by expectations and uncertainty.

In this study, researchers explored the mechanisms underlying pain perception.

Two primary hypotheses were considered:

• Estimate Hypothesis: The brain estimates pain intensity based on predictions.
• Surprise Hypothesis: The brain perceives pain as the difference between prediction and reality, also known as prediction error.

During the experiment, healthy participants received painful thermal stimuli and reported their pain intensity while observing painful or non-painful visual stimuli in virtual reality. The results showed that participants experienced stronger pain when the prediction error was large.

The study confirmed that pain was amplified when unexpected events occurred. Researchers noted that individuals with chronic pain often experience vague pain-related fears and anxieties. This gap between expectation and reality may further heighten perceived pain intensity.

Reducing the gap between expected and actual pain—or the "surprise" factor—could be key to minimizing pain perception. This study enhances the understanding of pain perception and may contribute to developing new treatments for chronic pain and trauma recovery. (ANI)